Why Beauty id Truth by Ian Stewart - 1222 Words

Why Beauty is truth: A History of Symmetry by Ian Stewart is in depth on how mathematicians came about symmetry. Instead of coming across symmetry by geometry as someone today might think, Stewart shows how it became an idea by algebra. Most of the book is told in chronological order from the early Egyptians and Babylonians discovery of the quadratic equation and leading up to the impossibility to solve the quintic equation. Through each chapter we see how mathematicians get one step closer to solving the quintic, and their struggles they faced along the way. Early Equations The earliest record of the quadratic that we know of dates back to the Babylonians, solved on a tablet. Historians and Mathematicians do not have any clue about how the Babylonians came to solve the quadratic, but think that they came across is geometrically. Stewart shows how Euclid’s Elements of Geometry introduced the basic methods for constructing a proof. Included in Elements in Proposition 9 of Book I is how Euclid shows how to bisect an angle with only a compass and a straightedge. Elements did not include information on how to trisect and angle though, which could have been used for the construction of a regular 7-gon. It was Euclid’s Elements that inspired mathematicians to take it one step further and solve the things that Euclid had left out, such as squaring the circle with only a compass and a straightedge. The difficulty of these problems led mathematicians to change the way that theyShow MoreRelatedHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pages Sull and Charles Spinosa 90 The Leadership Team: Complementary Strengths or Conï ¬â€šicting Agendas? Stephen A. Miles and Michael D. Watkins 100 Avoiding Integrity Land Mines Ben W. Heineman, Jr. 20 33 FORETHOUGHT HBR CASE STUDY Why Didn t We Know? Ralph Hasson 45 FIRST PERSON Preparing for the Perfect Product Launch THOU SHALT †¦page 58 James P. Hackett 111 TOOL KIT The Process Audit Michael Hammer 124 BEST PRACTICE Human Due Diligence David HardingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCharacteristics Model 263 Ethical Dilemma Spitting Mad 264 Case Incident 1 Multitasking: A Good Use of Your Time? 264 Case Incident 2 Bonuses Can Backfire 265 3 9 The Group Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Defining and Classifying Groups 272 Why Do People Form Groups? 272 Stages of Group Development 274 The Five-Stage Model 275 †¢ An Alternative Model for Temporary Groups with Deadlines 276 Group Properties: Roles, Norms, Status, Size, Cohesiveness, and Diversity 277 Group Property 1: RolesRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManaging Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. The Value Manager Harvard

American Intercontinental University Free Essays

Aspects of Psychology Unit 5 GP American InterContinental University March 11, 2012 Abstract This paper discusses the Erickson theory of human development. It includes a description of the different parts of the theory as well as TV characters that fit into the various life stages. There are also reviews of three different case studies done on different parts of the Erickson theory. We will write a custom essay sample on American Intercontinental University or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aspects of Psychology Unit 5 GP Erickson’s theory of life stages and development helps us understand how each of us develops throughout our lives. It explains theories starting from birth and continuing on into life. It helps us to understand why people respond the way they do when presented with certain stimuli or put in certain situations. It explains attributes and possible factors that contributed to developing those attributes in people whether they are good attributes or bad. Human development is a complex and ever changing thing and the better we can understand it the better we will be able to respond to it and improve. Trust Vs Mistrust (birth – 2 years) starts with infancy until the age of two. If an infant grows knowing that he can trust a person because of them caring for his well being, attending to him and loving him, he will be full of happiness and very healthy. But if he doesn’t gain a sense of trust because of being ignored or treated badly by his parents, he will show a lack of interest in things around him and he will also have poor health. (Erikson,E. 2010). A character that represents this stage of life is Stewie Griffin; Stewie has mistrust for his parents and everyone in general. He is always left to do whatever he wants with little input from his parents and his father is rarely home. He resolves conflict by demanding he gets what he wants and nothing less will do. Autonomy Vs Shame and Guilt (2-3 years) at this stage is when the toddlers reach toddler hood, and she will start to get into things to stimulate her mind. She will do this away from her parents. (Erikson,E. 2010). She will tend to wander off by herself more at this time in his life, but if there is shame and doubt she will do the opposite. She will feel less confident and will not go into places he doesn’t know on her own. Maggie Simpson is a character that represents this stage of life. She regularly wanders off and gets into things she is not supposed to. She also tries new things without her parents being there to supervise because she would rather do it herself. Initiate Vs Guilt (3-6 years) this is when she starts to do something and will not stop until it’s done. On the other hand if there is guilt within her she will not look for challenges and will mostly likely not express who she is. (Erikson,E. 2010). A character that represents this stage of life is Lisa Simpson. Lisa is always striving to be the best; she has to get straight A’s in school or else she gets depressed and withdraws. She loves to play the saxophone despite her father being annoyed by it and is always looking for a challenge. Industry Vs Inferiority (6-12 years) at this stage he has a sense of industry he will show much interest in his school work and the duties he has at home, and he will show a responsible attitude towards things. If he has a sense of inferiority the opposite type of behavior would be shown, because he will feel like he isn’t capable of completing the given task. (Erikson,E. 2010). Bart Simpson is a character that fits this stage of life. He feels inferior and so he does things he knows are wrong on purpose because he believes if he tries to succeed in good things he will fail. When he does try he often gets discouraged before he can complete the task and reverts to destructive behavior. Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18 years) states that if he knows where he is going in life or at least he knows what he wants to be when he gets older he will tend to have a high level of self esteem. (Erikson,E. 2010). However if he has a sense of role confusion he will not have any long term goals with no sense of direction and suffer from low self esteem. Chris Griffin is in this stage of life. He suffering from role confusion and has no idea what he wants to do or even what he should do with his life. He even dressed up in women’s clothes at one point to see what it was like. He has a very low self esteem and lets himself be manipulated by others. Intimacy Vs Isolation (18 and on) at this point the stage of adulthood may be delayed until the adolescent is able to find himself. (Erikson,E. 2010). Even if the young adult is the adult age they may not reach adulthood until they are able to gather a sense of identity. If the adult has a sense of intimacy he will form close bonds with other people by making friends, and having romantic relationships with those of the opposite sex that sometimes leads into marriage. An adult with a sense of isolation will find it hard to make new friends and form relationship. (Erikson,E. 2010). They have a problem with understanding what a person may be thinking or feeling. They tend to spend most of their time alone and by themselves. Peter Griffin fits into this stage of life. Although he is grown and has a family he is still very immature and has not found himself. He has an easy time making friends and an easier time making a fool of himself. He often has to make stuff up to his wife because he has either misunderstood her or done something to embarrass her. Generativity Vs Self-Absorption (adult) is when an adult has a trait of generatively they are able to work productively which is built up over the years, and they may have a tendency of helping others. An adult with a sense of self- absorption is more self centered and care only of themselves. (Erikson,E. 2010). A character that fits into this stage is Homer Simpson. Although he sometimes does things to help others he is often very self centered and not interested in things that don’t directly benefit him. He regularly gets into trouble for doing things for his own benefit at the expense of others such as a auto dialer he set up to call everyone in town to ask them to send him a dollar. Integrity Vs Despair (old age) is when a person is content with dying, which means they can face death without being afraid and by having a peace of mind because they feel as if they have live a fulfilled life. A person with a trait of despair feels as if they wasted their life, and hasn’t been able to do what all they wanted to do. (Erikson,E. 2010). Abe Simpson fits into this stage of life. He is content with what he has done throughout his life and is ready to go anytime. He often says â€Å"if God wants me God can have me. † He has served his country in war and lived a long and productive life. Erik Homburger Erikson said â€Å"It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of immaturity in him†. He believed that the ego exists from birth and that behavior is not totally defensive. Erikson became aware of the massive influence of culture on behavior and placed more emphasis on the external world such as depression and wars (Intro to Psych, 2012). He organized life into eight stages from birth to death. His philosophy is based on two general themes. The world keeps getting bigger and failure is cumulative. We as humans have personality traits that have opposites. We think of ourselves as aggressive or passive, optimistic or pessimistic, a leader or a follower and independent or dependent for example. Many of these are inborn temperament traits, but other characteristics, such as feeling either inferior or competent appear to be learned, based on the experiences we have and how we are raised and the support we received growing up. A child who is not nurtured will more than likely not be a nurturing adult. A child who is shown a lot of love will probably show much love as an adult. In the study titled Reexamining Gender Issues in Erikson’s Stages of Identity and Intimacy, it seems that there are biased opinions on the intimacy and identity stages of Erikson’s theory in relation to women. According to several feminist viewpoints, the developmental tasks affiliated with identity and intimacy is different in women than in men. Researchers agree that women develop these stages differently based on the importance of their relationships. Some researchers believe that Erikson’s depiction of the advancement from identity to intimacy holds a virile bias; focusing on separation from instead of connection to, others (Horst, 1995). C. Gilligan, an author from Harvard University, feels that Erikson’s theory regarding Identity and Intimacy do not correctly portray female development. She believes that those two theories are fused into one, because women develop their identity through the connections they have with others. Erikson does state that the cycle of identity and intimacy is different in women; the female identity lies dormant until she meets the man that she will marry, and whose status will define her. This theory does reflect on the fact that female development is affected by their relationships with other. Gilligan did not necessarily dispute this claim; the basis for her argument was that Erikson did not go into enough detail regarding women’s experiences in these stages of development. Several other authors and researchers agree with Gilligan’s assessment of Erikson’s theory, stating that he did not base his findings with regard to gender diversities (Horst, 1995). In this study, Elisabeth Horst evaluates these critiques, stating that they are based on a serious misinterpretation of Erikson’s Theory. I feel that Horst’s evaluation strengthens Erikson’s theory, specifically the Identity and Intimacy stages. She states that at the time Erikson developed his theory; the life cycle theory, the epigenetic chart, and many findings on identity ere already developed and focused on masculine experience. His findings on gender differences came as an afterthought, or a modification to his original findings. Horst states that Erikson’s perception of women’s identity being found through marriage suggests that he opposes sexism, and proposes the female look at different perspectives in development. She feels that as long as people recognize sex differences, without them being overemphasized or underemphasized, development can flourish and role confusion can be eliminated. This is imperative in healthy development of identity and intimacy (Horst, 1995). I agree with Horst’s findings; Erikson does identify with sex differences to an extent, yet his theory is generalized to discuss basic theories of development. Having a sense of identity is to know where you are going in life and having goals to enable us to have higher self esteem. Having a sense of intimacy is developing relationships and forming connections with others to allow us to fully establish our identity, and adapt to our emotions. Regardless of pointing out sex differences, these stages do address critical parts of development accurately, in both men and women. In this current on-going study of integrating Biological, Behavioral, and Social Levels of Analysis in Early Child Development they are conducting studies of child salivary cortisol in a controlled development. In doing this they are taking a biological look at the social and behavior differences and changes within the early stages of life proving the existence of chemical changes within the body according to cultural, social, or behavioral surroundings in everyday life. Within this study they are looking into the autonomy vs. shame and guilt stage or Erik Erickson’s theory. Sethre-Hofstad, Stansbury, and Rice reported that in the context of a child’s introduction to a novel and / or a potentially challenging task, individual differences in maternal sensitivity predicted the degree of attunement in mother and child’s cortisol responsiveness (Granger, ; Kivlighan, 2003). These studies clearly illustrate that social forces moderate the expression of bio-behavioral relationships in children (Granger, ; Kivlighan, 2003). From a biological and chemical standpoint this strengthens Erik Erickson theory. The reason is besides being able to examine a child and study reactions and even the knowledge of the child which was passed from his mother or any other social parent there is also evidence within their cortisol showing differences in the subjects behavior or social patterns. If unsure of something or nervous of a situation he should not enter the levels are much lower than if the situation makes him relaxed which is brought on by his social life and what he has been around while with his parents. I agree with this study and am glad that it continues giving us insight to another form of tests to show differences in a child’s social and even cultural background. Being able to do this test or study can tell a lot about a person individually and what habits and even surroundings they see at home. Several of Erikson’s theories for human growth and development can be identified in the study that examines â€Å"Relationships Among Paternal Involvement and Young Children’s Perceived Self-Competence and Behavioral Problems†. The study examines a child’s behavior based on the involvement in their life from both parents which is stage 5 of Erikson’s psychosocial. Identity vs. Confusion is actually a child’s learning stage, which is the time that they began to develop a sense of self identity, it is also the time where they need proper encouragement and reinforcement because without it they could get confuse about the direction they would like to go (Cherry). The study concluded that the mothers who had high involvement from their children’s fathers saw a more positive behavior in their children but the fathers indicated otherwise. The study also associated that the children with fathers that where highly involved showed an increase in feelings about being accepted by their parents, which plays a role in their self competence and self esteem (Rex E. Culp ; 5 Stephanie Schadle, 2000). This particular study actually strengthens Erickson’s theories, because his study featured children at an early age which is considered their learning stage. This meant that they were developing self identity (Stage 5) which would cause a change in behaviors and it is also the time for proper guidance. Once the change in behavior was made they began to developed their identity which may cause them to act differently with one or both parents. That is the process that prepares them for the next stage (Cherry). I must say that I only agree with parts of the conclusion of the study itself. I agree that the feelings of being accepted are stronger with a child that is involved with both parents because they may feel that they have two sets of expectations to live up to and get confused about which direction to go in with a fear of disappointing one or both parents. This may also interfere with their ability to develop their self identity. I don’t agree about the changes in behaviors being more positive with the mother than the father because even the study recorded that after spending more time with the child the father appeared frustrated. The father’s behavior could’ve had an effect on the child’s behavior or he could have stated that because of his experienced frustration. Either way I just see the father as having the more authoritative tone and demeanor so I think the child more responsive and generally better behaved than they would be with their mother, but my theory is only base on personal experience. These studies of the different life stages should help in deciding on appropriate advertizing for the family oriented theme park that will be affective for their target audience. It will allow them to cater to the different interests and ideas of people in the stages of life they are making the advertisements for. By knowing how people tick and what motivates them it makes the job of effective advertizing much easier. These studies help us to understand what is important to different people based largely on their stage in life. References Cherry, K. (n. d. ). About. com Psychology. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from About. com Psychology: http://psychology. about. com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/a/positive-psychology. htm Cherry, K. (2012). Psychosocial Stages-The Eight Psychosocial Stages. Retrieved from. http://psychology. about. com/od/psychosocialtheories/tp/psychosocial-stages. tm Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychological Development. (2010). Retrieved from. http://nursing-resource. com/erik-eriksons-stages-of-psychological-development/ Granger, D.. , Kivlighan, K. (2003). Integrating Biological, Behavioral, and Social Levels of Analysis in Early Child Development: Progress, Problems, and Prospects. Child Development, 74(4), 1058-1063. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Horst, E. A. ( 1995). Reexamining Gender Issues in Erikson’s Stages of Identity and Intimacy. Retrieved on March 8, 2012 from How to cite American Intercontinental University, Essay examples

Consumer Behaviour Purchasing and Comparison Process

Question: Discuss about theConsumer Behaviourfor Purchasing and Comparison Process. Answer: Introduction The decision making process involves various complexities in all the stages involved. Thus, the consumer decision-making process is also a combination of complexities starting from the stage of recognition of problems to the stage of after purchase actions undertaken. The needs and requirements vary with the consumers; everyone has a different mindset regarding their lifestyle on a daily basis (Gabriel and Lang 2015). The complexity may arise here, as the opinion of consumers varies for a product in particular. In addition, the selection, evaluation, purchasing and comparison process among the different products vary from one consumer to the other (Oliver 2014). Thus, the importance of realizing the major issues and complexities has become an important point of view for the majority of the companies and public. They have started understanding in order to utilize the realized theories into practice for better future. The different facts and findings by various researchers have ultimately headed towards a common consensus as the various theories and models, which had been developed over time, are slightly different from each other. The theories about the consumer processes are similar for all the stages from the purchase of the products and services to the stage of the post purchase activities carried on by the consumer (Karimi et al. 2015). The most common model, which is followed for the consumer decision making, is the Five Stage Model and as the name suggests, it involves five steps or stages (Birkland 2014). It is also too precise, clarifies the arguments, and issues related to all stages and thus adapted and accepted by the majority. It is a simple model and illustrative and explanatory in nature, which helps in the decision of purchase, and others required on a daily basis. The steps are discussed as below: Problem or Need Recognition The first step is the recognition of the requirement or the existence of problems. The recognition takes place once when there is a situation of the consumer realizing the reason of differences, between the desired state and the actual state of dealings along with the requirements. The basis view was that the needs and requirements varies based on the situations and circumstances which an individual faces as a whole. It can be either personal or professional and thus helps in the idea of purchase. An example can be where; a consumer might realize that instead of desktop computer, a laptop might be required as it can be carried anywhere and used in various places (Hair 2015). The needs of individuals are categorized under two types of nature being psychologicalandphysicalneeds. The emotions and other feelings fall under the psychological needs and the necessities and requirements fall under the physical needs (Lurie 2016). A major contention was that a consumer might not know or be aware about the need for a particular product until and unless one is encountered with a product or service. In other words, the engagement of an individual and encountering with the products and services helps in the awareness for the need of such products. For example, an individual might like and need the product once he goes for window-shopping or once when he comes across the media advertisements related to some products and services or similar encountering of various circumstances. The argument was resolved by an explanation, which provided that human needs have no limits and confinements. The human beings have a dissatisfactory nature and thus once a need gets satisfied, the other one arises in just a short span of time (Zipf 2016). The recognition of problems is recurring in nature, which thus makes it difficult to know the ultimate requirement of any individual. It can never be constant or unvarying in nature for any set of individuals or consumers. Information Search The second stage reflects the research of information or particulars of the needs recognized in the first stage. Before making the decision of purchase, a customer will like to search for more information related to the product required. Every customer has a different set of processes and knowledge for gathering such information required. While few of them might want to rely on their experiences from past, the others would depend on the feedbacks provided from the peers and other people. The process of research about the product is complex in nature as it is very hard to judge the actual nature of the required products and services. Thus, the process of searching is divided into internal and external search procedures. The internal search carries on the comparative analysis of the alternatives available from the experiences and knowledge gathered through their own feedbacks based on their own experiences (Hellstrm et al. 2015). For instance, one knows his taste and requirement of food is fulfilled by applying their own knowledge and taste. The advice of other individuals is not necessary in such cases. While on the other hand, the search done externally involves the cases in which larger purchases are to be undertaken like gadgets and appliances. For example, new cell phone and cars requires the suggestions of peers and media like the advertisements or magazines. The argument here involved the attractive role of the internet, which gets reflected in the professional and personal lifestyle of the individuals. The individuals are turning towards the resources provided through the internet. The internet provides a detailed range of information on the various categories of products and particular brands (Babin and Zikmund 2015). Thus, the online reviews and feedbacks are affecting the public at large, which is in disagreement and argued. It is creating a huge impact upon the stage of the search of the information as people are accepting the facts and feedbacks as provided by the internet community. The peers and family members are also one of the highlighted sources of information. But, here the process depends upon the level of relationships and influences exerted by such peers and relatives. Thus, in general an individual does not undergo the pain of searching the required information as they easily rely on the information collected by the relatives and peers (Runco 2014). Evaluation of Alternatives The third stage compiles the evaluation procedure carried out for the alternatives available for the choices considered in the first and second stages. Thus, the above two stages helps in the determination of the third stage. The next step after the information being gathered from the above steps constitutes the comparison and evaluation of the information to make the right selection (Fiksdal et al. 2014). The stage contains the analysis of the customer of all the information acquired through the research done. It also considers a variety of substitutes and compares them according to the wants and desires. In addition, other variety of aspects such as size, worth, brand name and quality are considered at this stage. Consequently, this stage is considered the most significant stage throughout the entire consumer decision-making course In addition, there was a controversial aspect regarding same that, the evaluation process would become harsh and difficult in nature as it could prove to be time consuming along with a greater amount of pressure upon the consumers. The human needs changes on an uncertain basis and thus it becomes tough for finding the products and services which would prove to be ideal and satisfactory for the consumer. The factors causing hindrance on the consumer decision making are numerous and thus the difficulty arises. Few of the factors are the cultural, economical, age, taste and other aspects. The old people generally go after the quality while the younger find the design a major factor in taking decisions to buy a product (Case et al. 2016). Even, the endorsement done by great celebrities prove to be a major factor as it causes a great impact on the evaluation of the decision making process of the consumers. The people follow their idolized celebrities while purchasing a product or service, as they dream and crave towards resembling their hero icons. Purchase Decision After the research and evaluation of such products, the consumer has to carry on the decision of purchasing. It is therefore the most important and critical step of the whole process. The final decision of purchasing the required product is taken by the consumer after reviewing the whole process under the above three steps (Fleischmann et al. 2015). There can be various factors affecting the decision of the purchase by the customers. The stock might get out and delay might be caused by other factors causing uncertain scenarios. Thus, the consumers might shift on to online purchase rather than physical purchase. It is to be kept under special purview that the impacts created on by the sales managers must not be too forcing in nature. The sales managers play an important role in influencing the decisions. Hence, the sales management must not be too abrupt in nature for higher effectiveness. Post-Purchase Evaluation Lastly, the ultimate stage of the decision making course of action is the stage of the post-purchase evaluation. After the procurement and takeover of the preferred product takes place, the companies ignore the post purchase assessment as they think this stage to be an unwanted and unnecessary one. Nevertheless, this stage can turn up to become the major integral part of the decision making process as they can get feedback of the consumers and record the same for the future use. The company must record the response, whether it is positive or negative so that they can know the demand in near future for the particular products (Sunyansanoa et al. 2013). A supporting view was provided which cited that the decision making process is a cyclical action and also that, a good knowledgeable and experienced person can be helpful in lowering the uncertain position which takes place for the next time of purchasing the product or services. Also, after buying the goods and services the peers, family members and other close ones opine about such products which can turn to be a major factor affecting the outcome of the evaluation of the post purchase (Sethna and Blythe 2016). These lines were supported by others as it was accepted that the opinions of the peers positively reflect and creates an impact on the satisfaction level of the customer without considering the level of objectivity. The authors had stated that the consumers respond either positively or negatively. They may get either satisfied, or dissatisfied. This would depend upon the evaluation of the purchase and comparative study of their expected thoughts and materials. The customer becomes experienced with the outcomes and it helps to give a better and direct impact upon the following decisions to be made by the consumers in the short or long run. The decision becomes easy for the same product and if brought from the unchanged seller (Tietenberg and Lewis 2016). Thus, it is a simple concept i.e. if the purchaser is satisfied, the purchase might be repeated. On the other hand, if it is unsatisfied it is not likely that the consumer might buy the same product at all. Thus, it is important to note the after purchase evaluation procedure from the customers, rather than ignoring it easily. Conclusion Consumer decision-making process is thus an integral and never ending procedure as discussed above. The process goes through the various stages and all the stages are equally important. All the steps and stages must be effectively summarized and recorded to get hold of the major techniques, to maintain the consumer base. Though the tastes and needs of the consumers change frequently in nature, the issue of the never ending needs can be met up by the analysis and assessment by the management and companies. The observable behaviors can help the assessment of an individual customers needs and requirements. Thus, the buying and decision making process of a customer is too analytical on the cost benefit analysis as there are huge alternatives present in the market environment. Thus, it is unreal to assume a perfectly rational economy for such decision-making procedures. Sometimes, there might be a skip of all stages, i.e. the consumers can directly jump onto the purchasing stage, without searching and collecting information and even evaluating the alternatives for the desired product. However, it must systematically in order to get an efficient and effective decision-making through the company and management. References Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Birkland, T.A., 2014.An introduction to the policy process: Theories, concepts and models of public policy making. Routledge Case, D.O. and Given, L.M. eds., 2016.Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior. Emerald Group Publishing. Fiksdal, A.S., Kumbamu, A., Jadhav, A.S., Cocos, C., Nelsen, L.A., Pathak, J. and McCormick, J.B., 2014. Evaluating the process of online health information searching: a qualitative approach to exploring consumer perspectives.Journal of medical Internet research,16(10), p.e224. Fleischmann, B., Meyr, H. and Wagner, M., 2015. Advanced planning. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 71-95). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Gabriel, Y. and Lang, T., 2015.The unmanageable consumer. Sage. Hair, J.F., 2015.Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Hellstrm, C., Hammer, E. and Martin, E., 2015. Blog influence on consumer information search: From a consumers perspective. Karimi, S., Papamichail, K.N. and Holland, C.P., 2015. The effect of prior knowledge and decision-making style on the online purchase decision-making process: A typology of consumer shopping behaviour.Decision Support Systems,77, pp.137-147. Lurie, N.H., Berger, J.A., Chen, Z., Li, B., Liu, H., Mason, C., Muir, D.M., Packard, G.M., Pancras, J., Schlosser, A. and Sun, B., 2016. Everywhere and at All Times: Mobility, Consumer Decision Making, and Choice. Oliver, R.L., 2014.Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Runco, M.A., 2014.Creativity: Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. Elsevier. Sethna, Z. and Blythe, J., 2016.Consumer Behaviour. SAGE. Sunyansanoa, S., Farquhar, J. and Czarnecka, B., 2013. Consumers post-purchase evaluation for repurchase intentions of credence products: Empirical evidence from Thailand.Journal of Retailing,76(2), pp.193-218. Tietenberg, T.H. and Lewis, L., 2016.Environmental and natural resource economics. Routledge. Zipf, G.K., 2016.Human behavior and the principle of least effort: An introduction to human ecology. Ravenio Books.

Tragedy In Hamlet Essays - Shakespearean Tragedies,

Tragedy In Hamlet The Tragedy of Hamlet Arguably the best piece of writing ever done by William Shakespeare, Hamlet the is the classic example of a tragedy. In all tragedies the hero suffers, and usually dies at the end. Othello stabs himself, Romeo and Juliet commit suicide, Brutis falls on his sword, and like them Hamlet dies by getting cut with a poison tipped sword. But that is not all that is needed to consider a play a tragedy, and sometimes a hero doesn't even need to die. Not every play in which a Hero dies is considered a tragedy. There are more elements needed to label a play one. Probably the most important element is an amount of free will. In every tragedy, the characters must displays some. If every action is controlled by a hero's destiny, then the hero's death can't be avoided, and in a tragedy the sad part is that it could. Hamlet's death could have been avoided many times. Hamlet had many opportunities to kill Claudius, but did not take advantage of them. He also had the option of making his claim public, but instead he chose not too. A tragic hero doesn't need to be good. For example, MacBeth was evil, yet he was a tragic hero, because he had free will. He also had only one flaw, and that was pride. He had many good traits such as bravery, but his one bad trait made him evil. Also a tragic hero doesn't have to die. While in all Shakespearean tragedies, the hero dies, in others he may live but suffer Moral Destruction. In Oedipus Rex, the proud yet morally blind king plucks out his eyes, and has to spend his remaining days as a wandering, sightless beggar, guided at every painful step by his daughter, Antigone. A misconception about tragedies is that nothing good comes out of them, but it is actually the opposite. In Romeo and Juliet, although both die, they end the feud between the Capulets and the Montegues. Also, Romeo and Juliet can be together in heaven. In Hamlet, although Hamlet dies, it is almost for the best. How could he have any pleasure during the rest of his life, with his parents and Ophelia dead. Also, although Hamlet dies, he is able to kill Claudius and get rid of the evil ruling the throne. Every tragic play must have a tragic hero. The tragic hero must possess many good traits, as well as one flaw, which eventually leads to his downfall. A tragic hero must be brave and noble. In Othello, Othello had one fatal flaw, he was too great. Othello was too brave, too noble, and especially too proud to allow himself to be led back to Venice in chains. A tragic hero must not back down from his position. He also has to have free will, in order to stand up for what he believes in. Finally, the audience must have some sympathy for the tragic hero. In MacBeth, although MacBeth commits many murders, one almost feels sorry for him and his fate. Hamlet is the perfect example of the tragic hero. Hamlet has all the good traits needed to be a tragic hero. He is brave and daring. One example of this is that when he went to England, he was taking a big risk. If his plan didn't work, he would have been executed He also is also loyal. His loyalty to his father, was the reason he was so angry at Claudius and his Mother. Another trait was that he was intelligent. He was able to think up the idea of faking insanity, in order to get more information about Claudius. But Hamlet like all other tragic hero's had a flaw. He couldn't get around to doing anything, because he couldn't move on. He was a full grown adult, yet he still attended school in England, because he couldn't move on. Also, it took him a long time to stop grieving about his father, because he didn't want to move past that part of his life. And after he finally did, Hamlet couldn't get around to killing Claudius. He kept pretending he was insane even after he was sure

Music Jazz Anecdotes

Music Jazz Anecdotes Introduction The stories of Pops Foster and Chief Blue Cloud in wild scenes were introduced in an interesting manner. I was intrigued by these two stories that described the characters of musicians. Their skills give them fame as well as power to influence. Creativity was also inevitable in their careers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Music: Jazz Anecdotes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Music and Influence Pops Foster’s story in page 3 and 4 of Jazz Anecdotes, was a man with a talent in music and knew how to control people. Those under him got it rough for they had to stick to his commands. His words were final and he could not tolerate opposition. Even if his co-workers were dissatisfied with a certain performance, they had to admit that they fully enjoyed the music. His performance was unique in that they could play one song for a whole night (Crow 3). The skilled musicians, Pops Foster had a small band in Bear town. The Bear town in Illinois was mainly populated by miners who could attend the entertainment events. Their character of carrying drinking jugs was a community tradition. The appearance of the great artist was contrasting his role. He was described as untidy and was always chewing tobacco. He was a dictator in the band. His audience obeyed him in one accord. The performers played a single song but how they kept the audience from moving away was interesting. I think all the attendants loved him for the music. He had a great influence on what people did (Crow 3). Those who did not want to drink behind him still drank behind him. His evening band performances were characterized by wild behaviors. For instance, this man could make people drink from one jug from time to time. At some point he could point at his fans with a pistol. Another moment he could go to the bathroom and tell his audience to wait until he went back. His audience could remember his favorite song; yes we got No Bananas after 50 years time (Crow 3). Music and Creativity Jazz music caused people to do crazy things. In the story of Chief Blue Cloud in page 4 of Jazz Anecdotes, Wingy Manone was said to have got himself into an interesting hot band. Their uniforms were very complicated. They wore funny costumes during their performances. Their hairs were supposed to match Indian hairs which were very far to look alike. They had to look like the Indian chief and his wife. The only option which was left was to wear wigs on their heads. The imagery in this story was so clear until I felt as if I was also part of the show. Chief Blue Cloud was an Indian and the leader of the band (Crow 4).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He was well skilled in playing a trombone. Music skills such as this man playing trombone show a big influence in a community or a society. The outgoing charact ers of the band are artistic in that they had to find ways to make the performance interesting. They were innovative in that their costumes were unique. Feather and beads made part of their costumes. In addition their feet were in moccasins light shoes which made it easier for their dance. Their waists were in tomahawks. The non Indians had to imitate the Indian woo-woo-woo call and the hot jazz music could cheer up the crowd. The art and creativity is what kept people to the music (Crow 4). Conclusion The talent to play musical instruments and fine tuned skills in vocalists made the story interesting. They portrayed that music was a social part of life in the past and the present and should never be ignored. Music is related to positive influence on people regardless of the musician character. To keep the music interesting musicians must be creative in their entertainment. Crow, Bill. Jazz Anecdotes. UK: Oxford University press, 2005. Print.

Being and Been

Being and Been Being and Been Being and Been By Maeve Maddox Saad Khan asks to know the difference between being and been. Been is the past participle form of the verb to be. It is used with the auxiliary verbs has, have, and had to form perfect tenses: How long has it been since you were in Paris? He had been writing that novel for thirty years when he died. How long have you been living here? Being is the present participle form of the verb to be. It is used with the auxiliaries is, are, was, and were to form continuous tenses: Mary is being difficult. The letter is being written. It is used as a verbal, a word that partakes of both verb and noun: Being polite is more productive than being rude. The word being can also be used a noun meaning â€Å"creature.† No human being should be homeless. I watched a movie about a being from outer space. Being can also mean â€Å"existence.† We are called from nothingness into being. In the expression â€Å"for the time being,† it means â€Å"the present.† We’ll leave him in charge for the time being. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Excited ABOUT, not "for" Grammar Review #1: Particles and Phrasal Verbs

Hypothetical Designs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hypothetical Designs - Essay Example Research design involves some basic steps which are discussed below. Research study can be exploratory, descriptive, hypothesis testing or just a case study analysis. The nature of the study basically depends on the fact that to which stage has knowledge of the researcher advanced; while conducting the research. Exploratory studies are for example conducted on issues that are relatively new, aiming at gaining more generic information without solving any problems. When a researcher has decided which type of research he wants to conduct, than he decides some other important variables which are part of research design e.g. Time horizon, sampling design, unit of analysis, data collection method, measurements, study settings, extent of researcher interference, types of investigations. The design can also be judged by type of assignment of samples. If random assignments are made it is experimental design, non-random is non-experimental design and it is quasi design if it has non-random ass ignment but all other ingredients of an experimental design.

Korean War Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Korean War - Annotated Bibliography Example As a result, the Korean Peninsula was divided into half along the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied area north of the line, while the United States of America occupied the south. In this book, the tensions and the political environments leading up to the war are described in detail. Both the North and the South were under dictatorial rule. In the South, there was the anti-communist dictator Syngman Rhee, while in the North, there was the communist dictator Kim Il Sung. It is observed that neither of the dictators was content to remain on his side of the 38th parallel and border disputes were rampant as a result. The connection of this invasion of the South by the North and the rising conflict thereof and the ongoing cold war is given in this piece. The war is said to have come as a surprise to the U.S. who considered it malicious and more than a mere border dispute. To them, nonintervention in the dispute was never on the table as they regarded it as a deliberate offensive in a communist campaign to take over the world. The Gays give more in-depth analysis of the situation between the United States and Russia particularly, prior to this war and the inevitability of these two nations’ role in the dispute. The warring nations are differently backed by two quarreling nations and so, when one invades the other, there is bound to be suspicion of a wider play. The stands taken by America and the Soviet Union are discussed in greater details. In April 1950, a National Security Council report known as the NSC-68 recommends the US to use military force to counter communist expansion anywhere it was perceived to be occurring. As a result, then US President Harry Truman is quoted as saying that if they let Korea down, the Soviets will keep on going and swallowing up one place after another. Lee talks about the difficulties and the armies of the war. North Korean army is seen as

The Ivory Coast Essay Example for Free

The Ivory Coast Essay Giving money for a positive cause is always a good thing especially when they create favorable long term effects. There are numerous countries suffering for several different reasons all around the world, one of these countries being The Ivory Coast. The Ivory Coast is failing in different aspects because of certain social, economic and political issues. One of the biggest problems to date is the poor education system. We plan to repair the countries damaged education system by rebuilding schools and supplying people with the necessary resources needed to pursue a decent education. With help from the World Bank, Oprah Winfrey and any others willing to contribute to our cause, we are confident that the Ivory Coast can be put on a steady path to success. The Ivory Coast is located on the South coast of West Africa. Surrounding countries include Guinea, Liberia, Burkina Faso and Ghana. The country is about 322,463 sq. Kilometers. Today, there are over 20 million people living in the Ivory Coast. There are about 39 people per sq. Kilometer. There is a pretty even number of males to females, 51% males, to 49 % females. The life expectancy age is approximately 59 years old. People of the Ivory Coast practice many different religions. These religions include traditional beliefs practiced and developed in certain varying villages, Christianity, Roman Catholicism and Islam. The current president is Alassane Ouattara. The official language of the Ivory Coast is French, but there are multiple languages spoken in the country including Dioula, Baloule, Dan, Anyin and Cebaara Senufo. The capital of the country is Yamoussoukro and Abidjan serves as the administrative center. The flag of the country is composed of three bold, vertical strips all different colors. The orange color on the flag represents the rich and generous land, it also is a symbol for the blood of young people who fought for emancipation. The white strip represents peace, and the green exemplifies hope for a better future. Common Cuisine consists of a dish called aloko, a popular snack that is served with fried banana, onions and chilies. Popular music includes Zoblazo, Zouglou and Coupà ©- Dà ©calà ©. When traveling to the Ivory Coast, All visitors require a passport and a visa is necessary, except for nationals of USA and ECOWAS countries. It is hard to determine when existence first began in the Ivory Coast due to the fact that human remains have not been well preserved. But with discovery of old weapon fragments and tools, life of the Ivory Coast seems to have begun during the upper Patheolithic period (15,000 to 10,000 BC). Research indicates that the early inhabitants of the Ivory Coast seem to be scattered, leaving historians to come to the conclusions that the ancestors of present Ivory Coast Inhabitants were displaced. The earliest recorded history of the Ivory Coast is found within the trade caravan condu cted by North African traders from early Roman times. A caravan of salt, slaves, gold etc. was conducted across the Sahara. After independence from France in 1960, the Ivory Coast economic success story was built on cocoa, and other agricultural products including coffee, cotton and fruits. But many laborers, who originally came from neighboring countries, and their descendants, increasingly felt marginalized. This contributes to a rebellion in 2002 which split Ivory Coast in two. The Ivory Coast is currently suffering due to ongoing social and economic issues. The major economic issue today in Ivory Coast is the rebuilding of Ivory Coast infrastructure, main roads, cocoa farm and reducing their deficit which is about us$2.3 million. As the political impasse persists in divided Ivory Coast, the West Africa country, which was once the region’s economic powerhouse, faces further decline. Residents and analysis are very worried about the quickly dissolving economic situation there. After the political crisis a lot of banks were shot down, cocoa farms which is one of the major resources in Ivory Coast were destroyed, shortage of cooking gas, roads were damage and the price of food raised. Socially, the health of the country is extremely poor. Malaria, a virus caused by parasites infects a high percentage of the country and is a leading cause of death in children and is the second highest cause of morbidity and mortality in the Ivory Coast. Symptoms of malaria include fever, body aches, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and sweating. Unfortunately, Malaria is not the only deadly disease which affects many in the Ivory Coast. The AIDS epidemic is preoccupying; over 3.9% of the adult population is HIV-positive. Around 500,000 persons are living with HIV. HIV/AIDS is the highest cause of morbidity and mortality in Cote dIvoire. Aside from diseases, Water pollution is an environmental problem in the Ivory Coast. Due to chemical waste from agricultural, industrial, and mining sources: about 92% of the countrys city dwellers and 72% of the rural population have safe water. Water pollution is a massive problem in the Ivory Coast that is causing struggle and delaying the process to achieve peace. Sadly, there are other issues in the Ivory Coast aside from health concerns. Poor education has not always been a problem, but the topic has become increasingly significant in recent years. Most people do not continue school after the primary level. There are multiple factors that contribute to such a low number of educated individuals. One of the main reasons that education is at such a decline now, is because of the current political crisis. The 2010 presidential election between incumbent Laurent Gbagbo and opposition member Alassane Ouattara resulted in a political standoff and violent conflict after Gbagbo refused to honor the results that declared Ouattara the winner. Two elections were held. The initial election did not yield a winner and a second electoral round was held on November 28, 2010. The polling results were released on December 2, 2010 and declared Ouattara the new president of Cà ´te d’Ivoire after he received 54.1% of the vote. The political stalemate turned violent and caused the decline of state security, threatened regional stability, and resulted in gross human rights violations and violence against civilians. The UN reported in March 2011 that over 1000 people were killed in clashes, and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees stated that over 500,000 Ivorians were forcibly displaced, and 94,000 Ivorians fled to neighboring Liberia out of fear of violence. The country seemed to be divided. Forces loyal to Gbagbo and Ouattara were accused of gross human rights against civilians which could amount to crimes against humanity including enforced disappearances, sexual violence, and extrajudicial killings. After months of defying the outcome of the presidential election, Laurent Gbagbo was arrested by Ouattara forces on 11 April 2011 following an attack o n his residence in Abidjan. Alassane Ouattara immediately called for the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission. Cà ´te d’Ivoire now faces many challenges as a result of the far reaching effects of the crisis, including the restoration of peace and security, the prevention of further human rights abuses, and the delivery of humanitarian aid. Alassane Ouattara’s government must now foster peace and reconciliation in Cà ´te d’Ivoire and insure that those responsible for gross human rights violations are held accountable. After the 2010 presidential crisis there were nearly 800,000 children out of school due to the crisis and some are still waiting to get back to learning. â€Å"We arrived at school at 7:30 a.m. as we always do on a school day. At exactly 8:30 we could hear shooting coming from the direction of a neighbouring village,† recalls Pafait Guei, a 14-year-old boy who attended primary school in the western area of Ivory Coast. Instead of being in school, youn g children are seen selling goods on road sides in attempt to earn very little money to support themselves and their family. In a venture to try and help the Ivory Coast education system we have devised a plan that will ultimately rebuild the Ivory Coast education system. Our plan is to obtain a minimum of $10,000,000 dollars from the world bank and Oprah Winfrey to help at least 100,000 children by distributing school bags filled with supplies such as textbooks, pens, pencils, eraser, pencil sharpener to support families in need. We also want to re-open/re-build many schools that were affected by the crisis. Even the ones that have re-opened have a shortage in desks, chairs, and supplies. We plan on hiring more teachers. Most of the schools have 1 teacher per 50 students. We will use all of the money to help the government pay for the teacher’s salaries and hopefully the country will move in the right direction and will be able to afford and continue our efforts once the money finishes. We feel as though Oprah would be a good choice as a financial contributor because of her stand on education, especially after building the school in South Africa, she was quoted saying: â€Å"I think the reason not just Africa but the world is in the state that it is because of a lack of leadership on all levels of government and particularly in regard to schools and schooling for poor children. The best way to effect change long term is to give children exposure and opportunity and nurture them to understand their own power and possibility.† We hope that she would be willing to aid us with a significant amount of funds to move the Ivory Coast forward in the right direction. There are many commendable reasons to donate money to the Ivory Coast. Donating money to the Ivory Coast would only result in positive effects. Only about half of the population is illiterate and many children are not enrolled in school (between the ages 6-10). By donating money to the Ivory Coast, we will be able to begin to change the statistics by creating more education opportunities. We also will make educational resources more accessible to everyone. Those who have some form of education can have the opportunity to extend their education, and those who have no or very little education would have the chance to receive one. Having better education opportunities would not only benefit those going to school, but it would also create jobs. There is usually about one teacher to every fifty children, but with the money we receive, we plan to hire more teachers. Less children in the classrooms means that the children could receive better and more direct attention. This can ensure that the material being taught is actually getting across to each student, and it will become easier to give one on one attention to those who need i t if there are more teachers available to help. Not to mention the fact that the employment rate will increase providing more individuals with a source of income. If anyone were to decide to donate or contribute money to the Ivory Coast you would be a part of our plan to help to build a stronger economy. One of the many reasons Africa is suffering as a whole is because of the lack of necessary resources needed to obtain a good paying job. If we do not invest in education, the education system will continue to fail. Majority of people in The Ivory Coast do not continue schooling after primary school because they do not have the funds for college and feel that it more important to get a job barely making ends meats. But if we can provide money for schooling and education, this can create a better future not just for the Ivory Coast but for Africa as well. If people were to have the credentials needed to land a decent job, this could slowly start to increase income in households. Donations could also help begin to restore order in the Ivory Coast. Because people were displaced, had to flee, or were forced out of their homes, many people of all ag es could not continue to go to school. If we can focus in on trying to get people of the Ivory Coast back in school, this can be a stepping stone to help the country prosper. In the 1980’s education was named one of the country’s main priorities and the plan has proven successful . Education received about one-third of the national budget. Because education was so greatly emphasized, The Ivory Coast education rate changed dramatically. An overall 43% literacy rate increase, 53% for men, and 31% for woman. Nearly 15% of the country was enrolled in some sort of educational institution. If we attempt this once again, we are confident that we can get the same, if not better results than we had in the 1980’s. The fact that a similar plan was put into effect and carried out with positive results gives us more motivation to believe that our approach will be effective. Education is extremely significant when trying to make a country prosper. If we try to make education our main focus, the things that are important become relevant again and the Ivory Coast can continue to flourish positively. Giving the children a chance at a better education can ensure a better future for the country’s entirety. The flight from JFK airlines to Abidjan through Air France i s approximately $1513. You would be staying in one of the best hotels in the Ivory Coast, The Ibis Abidjan Plateau (located in Abidjan), which is $1137 for 7 days 6 nights; it includes breakfast and a car rental. While in the Ivory Coast, there are many interesting places and landmarks to visit. The Basilica Notre Dame de la Paix, also known as Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yammousoukro is one of the greatest prides of the Ivory Coast. It is considered as the tallest and largest church in the whole world. The basilica is specifically located at Yammousoukro, Ivory Coast. Its construction started in 1985 and was finished four years later. It cost $300 million to complete the basilica. The Taà ¯ National Park is a national park in Cà ´te dIvoire containing one of the last areas of primary rainforest in West Africa. It was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1982 due to the breadth of its flora and fauna. There are a few of the animals found on the Taà ¯ National Park that are on the red list of threatened species such as the pygmy hippopotamus, leopards, and chimpanzees. The rainforest is located in Abidjan. There is also a beach called Bassam, it is about 45 minutes away from Abidjan city, so its possible to do a day trip from the city. This country has the potential to become prosperous and peaceful. All it needs is good leadership and unity within the country. Ivory Coast has good natural resources and it has been proven to have the capacity to do well economically. Hopefully now with the new president the country will continue in the good direction and he will focus on the major issues facing this country such as political stability, addressing the health issues, and most importantly, not forget the importance of an education, and all the benefits it will bring to the country as a whole if at least the literacy rate of the country goes up. Bibliography unicef.org http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cotedivoire_59009.html http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cotedivoire_57879.html wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey_Leadership_Academy_for_Girls http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_coast responsibilitytoprotect.org http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-ivory-coast ttp://www.voanews.com http://www.geopolitical-info.com http://traveltips.usatoday.com/famous-places-ivory-coast-58979.html http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Africa/Cote_DIvoire/Things_To_Do-Cote_DIvoire-TG-C-1.html http://www.netglobers.com/africa/cote-d-ivoire-main-health-risks-for-cote-d-ivoire.html

Essays --

Education is very important for human life. It becomes main necessity for human beings. Almost all aspects of life are influenced by education. A human is introduced to education started from born, and it keeps going on until the death. If a human has a good basic education, it will be easy for the next development. Human will be easily accept and adapt their self with new education which more advanced. They can accept values in social life, school, family, and environment. Moreover, of course they will be smart and be respectful human. Sometimes, education is regarded as a sign whether a human is in high class or not. It influences a lot of areas in human life, for example; in the world of work, in getting money, in communicating with others, and in adapting human in this more modern era and advanced technology. First, education influences the world of work. Human are demanded to have skill in its sector. Usually a company conduct interview before recruiting employee. In recruitment process, there are some questions that related to level of education background. Having good quality in education will help a human to get wanted job and of course with balance income. A human who has high level education will get good job easier than a human who has not good education. Moreover, to get a job is very difficult. It shows that education has important role in the world of work. Secondly, education helps human in getting money. Educated human are more useful and easier in getting money because they have something that can be sold. Just by using the skill, they can get money. Furthermore, they do not need to work powerfully because they work use their brain. It is different with an uneducated human. Uneducated human usually work by using ... ...ality of education because that is very helpful in increasing human’s quality. Therefore, education is very important in the survival of a human because it affects many aspects of life. It can be gotten from formal institute and informal institute. However, many human prefer to choose formal education. Usually it is started from elementary school until university. It has big role in forming good personality, such as; responsibility, honesty, and attitude. Responsibility is important thing that must be belonged to every human. Then, honesty comes from the heart. The price of it is very expensive and it cannot be changed by everything. Next is about attitude, it relates to human’s behavior. Attitude cannot be kept hiding because it comes out spontaneously. Human do not need to be worried if they have good habit in behavior, because a good habit shows a good attitude.

The development of aggression and violence in the American youth

In the introductory portion, the writer introduces the relevance of the study to the present reality by briefly indicating the focal areas that are covered in the paper. Basically, the thesis statement or argument is presented in prà ©cis to complete this part.Problem statements and milieuThe paper seeks to explain the development of an individual’s aggression and or violence in the context of society, family and internal mental or thinking patterns. Whether the results are a combination of the factors will be posed as inquiry in this section with a corresponding hypothesis.Review of Related StudiesThis portion explains the peer-reviewed works of psychologists and sociologists and others in the profession with the intention of analyzing the important and strategic breakthroughs in science on the issue and which the present paper seeks to accentuate considering the need of the hour (Works of Bjork, Furst, Sidney, Wacker, David,   Tremblay et al, Harris, Mary; Hogh et al, Hob bs, Brackney et al,II. Results and findings   A. Definition of termsUsing DSM and other credible sources for the operational definition of the foremost significant terminologies employed in the paper. (Works from Aggression from Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, DSM definition)   B. Theoretical Framework  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~ Factors influencing Aggression  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Explores different perspectives in the understanding of AggressionII. Discussion of Results and FindingsIt is assumed that the following are major contributing factors that influence aggression and/or violence. Discussion section of the paper further establishes the researcher’s findings based on the problem statement and hypothesis made. The following are salient points that are developed by the researcher.â€Å"What can make an individual youth commit violent acts?†Ã‚  ~ Pornography and violence in the internet and media  ~ Depression among th e teens  ~ Domestic Violence (DV) and Aggressionâ€Å"What should or can be done to reduce the incidence or curtail youth violence or aggression?†Since the issue is a prevailing and existing individual, familial and societal problem, and many studies are already conducted to apply effective interventions, this section of the paper seeks to enumerate and describe the leading and effective treatments and/or interventions on the matter. It also attempts to give a balanced view on the plus and minuses or pros and cons of the prescribed interventions.III. Summary of findingsProvides a brief summary of the study’s findings.IV. Conclusion and RecommendationThe writer addresses the reader to his/her own reflections regarding the study he/she made on the problem. However, considering the limitation of logistics and other factors, she/he prescribes or outlines his/her own recommendation/s regarding the problem and it is to be undertaken in future studies.IV. ReferenceExact doc uments used or employed throughout the study are herein listed in APA format.

NoSQL

Nouns can be a great asset when It pertains to dealing with large amounts of data and Its ability to be able to provide a better scalability and availability than the traditional READS can make It a plus. But the down side of the perks that Nouns provide may not make It the ultimate choice for many businesses. Nouns ability to deliver faster access to data and easily is also an advantage for data outrage.But due to its infrastructure of being nontraditional it raises concerns. Unlike most SQL systems Nouns is not formally structured as its counterparts simply meaning it does not store data in an organized plan such as tables and rows. This makes it easier to store data more easily with multiple servers with an improved scalability. Because Nouns lack of being structured in a formatted scheme it also lack confidentiality and integrity and the column or the rows cannot be segregated which may pose a challenge with user privileged access.Also, due to its scheme it lacks the capability o f producing real time operations. It would be easy to Imply many quick enhancements to the Nouns but then It would be a mall of the traditional Sol's. Add authentication support will Increase Its security capableness of Nouns. As mentioned Confidentiality and Integrity have to be provided solely by the application accessing the Nouns data. And overall stated MS. NoSQL Nouns can be a great asset when It pertains to dealing with large amounts of data and Its ability to be able to provide a better scalability and availability than the traditional READS can make It a plus. But the down side of the perks that Nouns provide may not make It the ultimate choice for many businesses. Nouns ability to deliver faster access to data and easily is also an advantage for data outrage.But due to its infrastructure of being nontraditional it raises concerns. Unlike most SQL systems Nouns is not formally structured as its counterparts simply meaning it does not store data in an organized plan such as tables and rows. This makes it easier to store data more easily with multiple servers with an improved scalability. Because Nouns lack of being structured in a formatted scheme it also lack confidentiality and integrity and the column or the rows cannot be segregated which may pose a challenge with user privileged access.Also, due to its scheme it lacks the capability o f producing real time operations. It would be easy to Imply many quick enhancements to the Nouns but then It would be a mall of the traditional Sol's. Add authentication support will Increase Its security capableness of Nouns. As mentioned Confidentiality and Integrity have to be provided solely by the application accessing the Nouns data. And overall stated MS.

How to Get Your CDL in Maryland and Arizona

How to Get Your CDL in Maryland and Arizona This article is useful for anyone who wants to get your CDL in Maryland and Arizona. If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. MarylandThe following are the requirements for obtaining a CDL in Maryland.You must be 18 years old to obtain a learner’s permit for an intrastate CDL and  21 years of age for an interstate one.You must have a full Maryland driver’s license.When applying, you must provide proof of age, identity, and Maryland residence.Drivers of heavy trucks, buses and vehicles placarded for  hazardous materials  must have a special CDL  with proper endorsements. Vehicles 26,000+ pounds, buses designed to transport 16+ passengers including the driver, all school buses, mobile cranes, uncoupled tractors, and most tow trucks are included.You must pass a  vision screening  and knowledge test.Out-of-state learnerâ⠂¬â„¢s permits cannot be exchanged for a Maryland learner’s permit or license.You must present valid Med Cert documentation (DOT card, skills performance evaluation, waiver exemption, etc.) whether applying for a new license or renewing, duplicating or correcting a CDL.In order to obtain your CDL, you must pass a knowledge test and a skills test.Knowledge TestThe  desired  class of license and endorsements you seek  will determine what CDL knowledge tests are required. You must obtain an 80% passing score on each required test. You must provide a Medical Examiner’s Certificate (DOT Card) or a valid Intrastate State/Interstate Waiver.The General Knowledge Test is required by all applicants, and you must pass it to take  additional knowledge tests.The Air Brake Knowledge Test is required if your vehicle is equipped with air brakes.The Combination Vehicles Knowledge Test is required if you want to drive combination vehicles.The Tanker Knowledge Test is required if you want to haul liquids in bulk.The Double/Triples Knowledge Test is required to pull double or triple trailers.The Passenger Knowledge Test is required by all bus drivers and school bus operators. In addition, school bus operatiors must pass the   School Bus Knowledge Test.The Hazardous Materials Knowledge Test is required if you wish to haul hazardous materials.CDL Skills TestThis test consists of a  pre-Trip Inspection to include an air brake test if vehicle is equipped with air brakes, a basic maneuvers test, and a public road test.  You must pass each level before moving on to the next.ArizonaThe following vehicles require you to have a CDL:If you will drive a combination vehicle (truck and trailer) whose trailer has a GVWR of 10,001+ lbs. total weight with the truck of 26,001+ lbs, you will need a Class A CDL.If you will drive a vehicle with  GVWR is 26,001+ lbs., you will need a Class B CDL. With this license, you can also tow a trailer with  weight that does not exceed 10,000 lbs.If you will transport hazardous materials or 16+ passengers (including the driver) in a vehicle with  GVWR 26,000 lbs. or less, you will need a Class C CDL.To obtain your CDL, You must  answer a minimum of  80 percent of the questions on each knowledge test correctly and complete a road/skills test in the class of vehicle you intend to drive.Knowledge TestAll applicants must pass a knowledge test required for the class of license, restriction, and endorsements they wish to possess. A general knowledge test for the Class, a or Class B and C license must be successfully completed by all CDL applicants.Skills TestAfter passing the appropriate knowledge tests, you  must then take the skills test for the class and type of vehicle you intend to drive.   Included on this exam are a  pre-trip inspection, a test of basic vehicle control, and a test in on-road driving.

Assignment on Hr Promotion & Transfer Essay Example for Free

Assignment on Hr Promotion & Transfer Essay Flippo †A promotion involve a change from one job to another that is better in term of and responsibility† Chruden and Sherman†A promotion involves a change of assignment from a job of a lower level to one of level with in the organization† Dale Yoder†Promotion is defined as a movement to a position in which in which responsibility and prestige are increased† Pigors and myers â€Å"Promotion is the advantage of an employee to a better job better in term of gather responsibilities more prestige and status gather skill and specially increased of pay or salary†. Employer to support employee higher position, sales, duties, response everything increased is as well as employees enjoy self-determination, (a)progress (b)preferment (c)promotion (d) position Promotions are used to fill the positions which are more important to fill rather than the present position of employee. It can be filled by external recruitment but employees having eligibility and experience must be appointed for their motivation. Also it will decrease labour turn over as external recruitment costs more. Also increase in salary and status will increase job satisfaction. When scale of pay is increased without changing job it is called  up-gradation  and promotion involves changes in job as well as high salary. When higher position is given without change in salary it is known as  Dry Promotion. All these,  Promotion Up-Gradation and Dry Promotion  are used by management to increase morale of employee and as giving reward also. Promotion means the employee present position to superior position . more obviously promotion is the association to the higher position where more responsibility and more power exits with more occurrence. In the higher position, sales, duties, response everything increased is as well as employees enjoy self-determination. The advancement of an employee within a  company  position  or  job  tasks. A job promotion may be the  result  of an  employee’s  proactive  pursuit of a higher ranking or as a  reward  by  employers  for good  performance. Typically is also  associated  with a higher  rate  of  pay  or  financial  bonus. In terms of a career, a promotion refers to the advancement of an employee’s rank or position in a hierarchical structure. Assignment on Hr Promotion & Transfer. (2018, Oct 29).

Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis - Essay Example Hazard vulnerability analysis is defines as the identification of potential disasters or emergency situations and the effects, both direct and indirect, that these situations may have on operations (Cutter 9). The main purpose of hazard and vulnerability analysis is to help the affected community to make the right choices that will help them address the vulnerabilities that they face. The analysis also helps in mitigating hazards and in the preparation for response and recovery efforts. Every emergency program should have a mechanism for hazard and vulnerability analysis (Wisner, Blaike and Cannon 17). In order to make accurate predictions for future events, it is important that the analysts collect the relevant information from different sources. This information should be relevant to the current situation and it should help in the creation of mitigating measures. The kind of data that should be collected during analysis includes everything about the nature and the causes of previous events. The frequency and/or intensity of previous disasters, as well as their magnitude should be included in the analysis. Information about the effects that the disaster may have had in a given area is also important for the purpose of analysis of the current situation (Turner and Kasperson 37). When the data has been collected, it is easy for the analyst’s to map the location of the potential and past hazards. This way, it easy to get information through the use of satellite images, aerial photography and remote sensing technology (Cutter 52). Predictive information can be derived from hydrology, seismology, meteorology and volcanology data. This kind of information can be found in most government agencies and some private institutions (Wisner, Blaike and Cannon, 47). Other data can be found in core databases to help in decision making (Turner and Kasperson 42). The business sector is most likely to be affected by earthquakes. This is because

Functionalist and Intentionalist Explanations of the Rwanda and Essay

Functionalist and Intentionalist Explanations of the Rwanda and Holocaust Mass Murders - Essay Example The mass murder in Rwanda is a perfect example of the modern time genocide born of ethnic hatred. As compared to the Holocaust genocide, the events unfolding in Rwanda in 1994 gave birth to the systematic slaughter of more than eight hundred thousand Moderate Hutu and Tutsi. This aspect position the Rwandese massacre to being a massacre of the modern phenomenon, absorbed by rationalism, bureaucracy and technology. The massacre of the European Jews, commonly referred to by a majority of scholars as the Holocaust, on the other hand is among the genocides known to the greater percentage of the educated in the society. Between the years 1941 and 1945, European Jews ranging between five and xix million were systematically massacred by the Nazi regime (under the leadership of Adolf Hitler) in collaboration with its allies and other surrogates in the Nazi-occupied territories. Irrespective of the astonishing intensity and scale of the genocide, the prominence of the Holocaust in the recent couple of years has been far from being preordained. Having given a brief preamble of both the Rwandese and the Holocaust genocides, this paper therefore, gears towards availing an in-depth comparison between the two genocides. In addition, this paper also does evaluate both the functionalist and the intentionalists explanation of the two cases of mass murder based on the principal areas of focus such as uniqueness, precedent and generality in either case as drawn from different theoretical quarters. Comparison and Evaluation of the Holocaust and Rwanda Mass Murders When it comes to the definition of what genocide is, it somehow proves to be challenging. Nevertheless, massacres have over and again been repeated in different parts of the world. The most imperative thing to keep in remembrance is that a mass murder remains to be not only a controversial, but also a contested debate among politicians, historians, academics, fascists and nationalists. Irrespective of the noticeable differences in the context of a mass murder, neither of th e sides presents a different opinion or even repudiates the authenticity of the Rwanda and the Holocaust, nor is there sombre rejection over the principle that the Hutus and Adolf Hitler were responsible for the crimes they set off. In this event therefore, it is imperative finding a mechanism of gauging the reality beyond the Rwanda and the Holocaust massacres (Christopher 2004, p.34). As thus, there arise two schools of thought as regards to the historiography of these genocides. These schools of thought are the functionalist and the intentionalist explanations of the genocides. Intenionalist versus Functionalist Explanation of the two Mass Murders Over the past two or so decades, the most heated debate has been revolving around an erudite predisposition by and large referred to as intentionalist and an antagonistic functionalist explanation. Arguably, a great percentage of the interpretation and data so gathered on the Rwanda and the Holocaust massacres relate in one way or the o ther either in the functionalist or the intentionalist perspectives. To begin with the Holocaust genocide it is even derivable from the word itself, the intenionalists’ explanation lays more accents on the intention that the Nazis had; and from the kick off, it is undeniable that these Nazis had their minds made up to eliminate the European Jews in whichever manner, including carrying a mass slaughter on them. An approach of this kind puts emphasis on the figure of Adolf Hitler and his monomaniacal passion to do away with what he referred to as the Jewish cancer from Germany and Europe as a whole (Tom 2010, p.25). Adolf’s stance of facilitating an elimination of the European Jews is clearly evidenced by the statement he makes when addressing a journalist. He confidently declares that in the event that he assumes power, his first priority

Intercultural communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Intercultural communication - Essay Example It is way better than gestures some of which may be unacceptable in the patient’s culture. The use of pictorials involves provision of empty charts and marker pens, or a board where the patient is to describe his ailment or symptoms using pictures such as that of the stomach of head among others (Behar, et al. 201, pp. 476). The nurse will then point to various parts of the body to ask the questions and verify the symptoms. This will take longer as well. When the patients are unable to communicate effectively with the nurses or doctors, it means that diagnosis will be unable to be completed or will have numerous errors which may lead to more health problems with the patient. There are also other traditions which put restrictions on the type of healthcare worker they can have attending to them or the type of medication they can be provided with which hinders the treatment process as well as making the treatment process take unnecessarily longer in order to address the challenges (Srivastava, 2007, pp. 103). Behar, S. et al. (2013, October). Use of an Emergency Medical Pictorial Communication Book During Simulated Disaster Conditions. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 7(5): 475-480. DOI:

Aerodynamic Development Of Land Speed Record Car Engineering Essay

Aerodynamic Development Of Land Speed Record Car Engineering Essay This project is focused on the baseline aerodynamic analyses and optimisation of a Land Speed Record vehicle in terms of performance of drag and aerodynamic stability, and thereby, speed the vehicle can attain. The vehicle `Stay Gold shown below belongs to the David Tremayne, a Formula One journalist. It is his plan to break the current British Land Speed Record by achieving a speed of about 350 m/s. A photograph of the vehicle in its current form can be seen below. C:UsersCecilDesktopDSC07489.JPG Figure 1, (20)- Photograph of the Land Speed Record vehicle in its current form. In aerodynamic analyses, the prohibitive costs of conventional wind testing along with the advent of computing power, characterised by its decreasing cost has brought the applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to the fore front of research and industrial applications, (2). The complications of actual wind tunnel testing ranging from differences in boundary conditions to the scale and mounting of the object is covered well in existing literature, (1). CFD is a method for analysing complex fluid flow problems using numerical methods to solve the Navier-Stokes governing equations. This report begins with the study of high speed vehicle aerodynamics to understand the important physical phenomena taking place, i.e. Air flows linked with different parts of the vehicle. CFD has been established as a proven tool used to perform baseline simulations with different turbulence models, boundary conditions and grids. Consequently, the influence of compressibility by running cases with progressively faster operating speeds up to Mach 0.5 and the effects of varying the geometry of nose and body of the vehicle using low-drag fairings are studied. Literature Review: High Speed Vehicle Aerodynamics: Aerodynamics is the study of various forces when a body is in motion. As we know, any vehicle moving through a fluid experiences forces induced by the fluid on it. When a vehicle moves forward it displaces the static air in front of it and hence disrupts the air flow around the body. These induced fluid forces can be characterised into three main forces which can be represented on a Cartesian coordinate system as shown in the figure below, (19). Figure 2, (19)- Forces acting on a vehicle represented on Cartesian coordinate system The vertical force along the Z axis is called lift. In this context, the vertical force is usually pushing the car towards the ground. Lift force then would be negative. Instead, the term downforce will be used, which is the positive vertical force towards the ground. The horizontal force moving in the opposite direction as the vehicle along the X axis is called drag force. Drag force is created by the vehicles resistance to motion moving through the air. . Drag will always be negative with this axis system, although in the results it will be displayed as positive, (19). The horizontal lateral force along the Y axis is called side force which occurs due to strong cross winds or by vehicles being in proximity to each other. The magnitude of these forces depends on various factors like the geometry speed of the vehicle, mass of the fluid, viscosity compressibility. These three forces are the basic aerodynamic forces that act on a moving solid body. We concentrate on the reducing the drag force alone to achieve higher speeds. Aerodynamic Flows: There are various kinds of aerodynamic flows considered important in a vehicle ranging from flows associated with the external shape of the vehicle to the flows existing in the lubrication and cooling systems of the vehicle which are called external and internal flows respectively, (3). C:UsersCecilDesktopUntitled.jpg Figure 3, (4) Attached flows and separated flows over a body. The streamlines are the curves associated with a pictorial description of a fluid motion, in this case air particles move along the streamlines, (4). Using this definition we can differentiate the flows. When the streamlines near the solid surface follow the shape of the body, the flow is considered to be attached and if the flow does not follow the shape of the body, the flow is considered to be separated, (4). As seen from the figure above, separated flows leave behind trailing vortices which result in an unsteady wake flow which can be seen in the figure below. C:UsersCecilDesktop1-s2_0-S0167610501001611-gr11.gif Figure 4, (5) Trailing vortices in the wake of a conventional fastback car It is also important for Race Car engineers to know whether the flow is laminar or turbulent since features such as flow separation and vehicle drag can change dramatically within these two flows, (4). When a body travels in an undisturbed environment, the flow can be considered laminar. Conditions such as winds or the motion of other vehicles directly affects the flow causing turbulence. Turbulence is a chaotic and random state of motion develops in which the velocity and pressure change continuously with time, [22]. Characteristic of Aerodynamic flows: External Automotive flows can be characterised as those involving excessive flow separation, transitional flows, strong cross flows and streamline curvature with a turbulent wake interacting with the ground boundary layers, (5). The prevailing areas where the separation of air flow takes place are the front and rear windshields. This separation of air flow leads to change in pressure over the surface of the vehicle which constitutes the aerodynamic drag of the vehicle. Pockets of high and low velocities are created around the vehicle because of this separation. The variation of pressure over a vehicle is shown in the figure below and is measured by a coefficient of pressure, denoted by Cp. According to Bernoullis equation, the low pressure region denotes high velocity and high pressure region denotes low velocity. Cp is given by the ratio of the difference in pressure on any point of the vehicle to the dynamic pressure. C:UsersCecilDesktop109741_3mg.jpg Figure 5, (4) Variation of pressure over a vehicle Boundary Layer: The layer between the vehicle and the moving air where the fluid flow is stagnant or less is called the boundary layer and is a significant aspect at high speeds. When the body is in motion, a relative velocity is created between the vehicle and the air around it due to the fluid viscosity. Boundary layers may be either laminar or turbulent depending on the value of the Reynolds number. For lower Reynolds numbers, the boundary layer is laminar and the velocity changes uniformly as one moves away from the wall and for higher Reynolds numbers, the boundary layer is turbulent and the velocity is characterized by unsteady (changing with time) swirling flows inside the boundary layer, (7). In real environment it is inevitable that the boundary layer detaches from the solid body which results in a large increase in the drag on the body. So at high speeds, it is important to maintain an attached and laminar boundary layer with a streamlined shape (4). C:UsersCecilDesktopboundlay.gif Figure 6, (7) Boundary layer on a surface of a vehicle Compressibility effects: Compressibility is the measure of change in volume of the air relative to the speed. We are dealing with subsonic speeds (less than Mach 1) where the air acts as if its an incompressible fluid meaning the density will remain constant though the velocity and pressure are variable, (6). By Bernoullis principle when air enters a body or part of the vehicle, air must travel faster to get to the other side as the bypass air varying the pressure and velocity. The velocity and pressure return to their original form at the outlet. Importance of the speed of sound: Sound is the pressure disturbances radiating in all directions from the vehicle. In subsonic flight sound waves radiate from all points on the vehicle and can travel faster than the vehicle itself as shown on the figure on the left. C:UsersCecilDesktopasw.png Figure 6, (6) Propagation of sound waves in subsonic and supersonic speedsC:UsersCecilDesktopas.png As the vehicle travels at higher speeds, these sound waves pile up at the nose of the aerofoil and create shock waves as shown in the figure on the right. These shock waves are created due to change in pressure velocity of air flow and these waves cannot get ahead the originating point at the speed of sound. There are different kinds of shock waves which are discussed below. Oblique Shock waves are formed on sharp edges of the body with the air surface changing in the direction of air flow, basically on leading and trailing edges of the airfoil, (6). Normal shock waves are formed in front of a blunt body or on the body itself. The molecules pile up at the front and form a detached wave called the `bow wave, (6). Expansion shock waves are formed in the regions of separation on the body or airfoil. Shock waves are very important in high speed aerodynamics as it affects the change in direction of the fluid flow and are relatively negligible in subsonic flows. Relevance of Aerodynamic Drag: In aerodynamics, drag is defined as the force that opposes forward motion of the vehicle through the atmosphere and is parallel in the direction of free stream velocity of the air flow which can be overcome by thrust in order to achieve forward motion, (8). Generally in racing it is important to have to downforce to keep the vehicle stable on the ground. When going at speeds over 100 mph, the real drag is experienced. The aerodynamic drag is denoted by Cd and is given by the formula, Cd= Drag force/ (Dynamic pressure*Area) A body moving through a fluid experiences drag which can be divided into two components, frictional or viscous drag and pressure drag, (11). Frictional Drag is developed due to friction of fluid and the surface it is flowing on, commonly associated with development of boundary layers, (11). Pressure drag is formed from the eddying (turbulent) motions set up by the fluid as it passes over the body which is associated with the formation of wake behind the vehicle. Hence the geometry of nose and body shape plays an important role in reducing drag on vehicle, (12). The figure below shows the driving force required to propel the vehicle forward at a constant speed as a function of the aerodynamic drag. We can see that the aerodynamic drag increases proportional to the square of speed. C:UsersCecilDesktopUntitled.png Figure 7, (11) Driving Speed Vs Vehicle Speed It is also established that the drag prediction over the front of the vehicle, especially involving attached boundary layers and, subsonic flow is far easier and more accurate than the analysis of the rear of the vehicle, (11). Review of existing research, (13): Extensive research has been made in this area with detailed experimentation on the widely known Ahmed model, (12). The Ahmed model is a simple geometric body that retains the main flow features, especially the vortex wake flow where most of the drag is concentrated. This model is used as a reference model to compare our results with. An illustration of this model is shown in the figure below. C:UsersCecilDesktopUntitled.png Figure 8 Left: Geometric dimensions of an Ahmed model, Right: Computational domain The Ahmed reference model is a general car type bluff body shape which is enough for accurate for flow simulations. boundary conditions used for this problem are uniform flow at the inlet no slip on the surface of the body and a non-structural tetrahedral grid approach is applied to this geometry at Re= 4.25106, (13) . This flow was solved using incompressible Navier-Stokes formulations and the drag and pressure were measured. From the figure below, it is observed that the total pressure drag is minimal at the front portion and is high the rear slanted portion of the body. Subsonic interactions are fairly weak as the length of the body is long. C:UsersCecilDesktopUntitled.pngC:UsersCecilDesktopUntitled.png Figure 9A,(13) Contour fill field pressure Figure 9B, (13) Contour fill field velocity And as for the pressure measurements, the presence of vortices at side edges of the slant surface appears to be two dimensional with parallel isobars running over the surface C:UsersCecilDesktopUntitled.pngC:UsersCecilDesktop2.png Figure 10A Flow behind the rear side of the body, Figure 10B Streamlines in the wake Turbulent flows are completely three dimensional and unsteady. Using a time average flow, some sort of macrostructure appears to govern the pressure drag on rear end. Figure 10A shows the different wakes created due to different shapes and edges and Figure 10B shows the streamlines in wake structure. Land Speed Record (LSR) Racing: Ever since the inception of automobiles, there has always been an inherent drive to push the automobile to its limits in terms of performance and speed. Land Speed Record is highest speed achieved by an automobile on land. There are different classes and organisations with respect to the configurations of the vehicle, operating speeds and environment. The current vehicle belongs to the unlimited class, which is a special class for thrust powered vehicles which may be propelled using turbo jet engines and without any limitations over wheeled power, (14). Existing research: The closest vehicle comparable to Stay Gold LSR is the JCB dieselmax (shown below) which holds the land speed record for a diesel-powered vehicle having been driven to over 350mph breaking the world record at the Bonneville Salt Flats. The aerodynamics of the car was designed entirely using ANSYS Fluent by aerodynamicist Ron Ayers whose goal was to achieve an optimal balance between aerodynamic drag, skin force and downforce, (15). It has been observed that the Cd of the vehicle was 0.17. After running a number of simulations, it is shown that higher downforce generated by the wings increases the drag on the vehicle drastically, (16). C:UsersCecilPicturesjcb_dieselmax.jpg Figure 11, (17) Picture of a JCB dieselmax streamliner Another example is the Buckeye Bullet 3 (BB 3), which operates on a battery. This vehicle was developed using an alternate aerodynamic method. In order to test the body shape and geometry a new wind tunnel model was constructed though it is time consuming and costly. The vehicles frontal area was significantly reduced allowing the driver to be placed at an inclined position keep safety in mind, (18) though the driver in middle (DIM) configuration used in BB1 BB 2 has better performance compared to the former. BB 3 also achieves more stability because it maintains negative pitch over higher speeds ensuring the normal loads on the tyres are not reducing, improving traction and yaw stability, (18). BB 3 had a 17 % reduce in the Cd compared to its predecessors. C:UsersCecilPicturesBuckeye-Bullet-3-thumb-450255.jpg Figure 12, (18) Photograph of a Buckeye Bullet 3 at the Bonneville Salt Flats Computational Fluid Dynamics: Introduction: Computational fluid dynamics or CFD is the analysis of systems involving fluid flow, heat transfer and associated chemical reactions by means of computer based simulation, [21]. CFD is used in wide range of industries. CFd contains a set of codes structured around the Navier-Stokes Equations (NSE) that are used to solve fluid flow problems. NSE are the governing equations of Fluid dynamics which are shown below. C:UsersCecilPicturesnseqs.gif Figure 16, [22] Navier-Stokes equations of three dimensional fluid flows The NSE consists of time-dependant continuity equation for conservation of mass, time dependant conservation of momentum equations and conservation of energy equations, [22]. The integral forms of these equations are solved using Finite Volume Method (FVM) which is the discretisation method ANSYS Fluent uses. Discretisation is a method of converting higher order integral equations into a system of algebraic equations. These set of algebraic equations are later solved by an iterative method, [23]. As mentioned earlier, at higher Reynolds numbers flows are observed to become turbulent. We used turbulence models in CFD to approximately model the turbulence in real time environment and results obtained are deemed near accurate. All codes in CFD contain 3 main elements: 1.) A pre-processor, 2.) A solver, 3.) A post processor, [22]. Pre-processing: The activities involved in this stage are Definition of geometry in the computational domain Grid generation discretising the domain into smaller cells ( grid or mesh) Define fluid properties and specify the appropriate boundary conditions Solving: There are different techniques to solve numerical equations. CFD uses finite volume method which is the most established method in different softwares. The steps involved in this stage are Integration of NSE over control volumes of the domain Discretisation of resulting integral equations into a set of algebraic equations Solution of the algebraic equations using an iterative method Post-processing: A large amount of work has been put into CFD packages to visualize the data with outstanding graphics due to the increasing demand in the engineering field. Some of the most popular data visualisation tools are Domain geometry and grid display 2D and 3D surface and vector plots Streamlined and shaded contour plot At present, almost all Formula 1 teams use CFD to constantly optimise the aerodynamics of their cars for better performances in a race. The bottleneck of CFD was quick and efficient construction of a functional grid which has become more user friendly in modern times which makes it easy for meshing, [22]. Conclusions: Aerodynamics CFD play a key role in the optimisation of a Land Speed Record vehicle. The geometry, powerplant, wheel configurations and vehicle dynamics are important parameters in achieving reduced drag. Open wheel configurations cause more overall drag on the vehicle. Also the tyres effective radius changes with speed and is necessary to test the relationship between the vehicle speed and tyres geometric configuration due to constant downforce exerted on the vehicle by the wings. This was the case revealed in the JCB streamliner. Project Plan: Study Vehicle Aerodynamics Understand the various aerodynamic flows involved in a vehicle. Get a good grip on High Speed Aerodynamics. Read about Importance of the speed of sound in achieving high speeds and influence of compressibility. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Reading on the background of CFD and understand how Navier-Stokes equations are derived, Numerical discretisation of equations using Taylor series. Understand turbulence modelling, grid sensitivity and boundary conditions relevant to the problem. CFD Tutorials Tutorial 1 Create basic geometry for backward facing step (2D). Tutorial 2 Create basic geometry for lid driven cavity (2D). Tutorial 3 Create 3D model of cylindrical body with a rectangular grid and run simulations. Gantt chart: C:UsersCecilDownloadsAerodynamic Development of LSR (1).png Progress to date: With the help of Dr. Carl Gilkesons CFD tutorials, creating meshes of basic geometrical shapes and running simulation on them was possible. The first tutorial involves creating the geometry in Design Modeller for lid driven cavity. The mesh was created in ANSYS Mesh and running simulations with specified boundary conditions, velocity pressure was done in ANSYS Fluent. In the figure below, the mesh for the lid driven cavity is shown. C:UsersCecilDesktopCavity- Vel Contours.png Figure 13A Mesh for lid driven cavity Figure 13B Velocity contours on the top wall of the cavity C:UsersCecilDesktopCavity.png The mesh was solved for 1000 iterations and were run on the top wall with a transitional velocity of 1.4607e-03 (Re=100), ensuring the flow is laminar. The velocity contours are filled and can be seen in figure 13B.The second tutorial involves creating a backward facing step. This model is solved (1000 iterations) for turbulent conditions so a turbulence model (k-epsilon) was created and specified with an inlet velocity of 40m/s. Also this model is discretised to second order upwind for momentum, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate. The results are shown below. C:UsersCecilDesktopUntitled.png Figure 14A- Mesh for Back Facing Step Figure 14B- Velocity contours on the backstepC:UsersCecilDesktopMesh Backw step.png It is noted that the horizontal component of the velocity is negative behind the step as the flow reattaches after detaching due to high Reynolds number, [20]. 3D model of a cylinder: I:Ansys projectscylinder.jpg Figure 15A 15B(below) Mesh for 3D cylinder in a rectangular grid In the figure above, a cylindrical mesh in a rectangular grid was created in ANYSYS Mesh. A rectangular grid is created in the domain to solve finite volume system of equations and to get more accurate solutions. The model was solved for constant pressure at the inlet to get reversed flow on all faces using hybrid initialisation as seen below. I:Ansys projects12.jpg References [1] P.R. Spalart, Strategies for turbulence modelling and simulations, Boeing Commercial Planes(Feb 1999). [2] W.H.Hucho, Aerodynamics of Road vehicle 4th edition. [3] `New Directions in Race car aerodynamics, Joseph Katz. [4] Joseph Katz, `Race Car Aerodynamics, 2nd edition. [5] ] Ahmed, S. R. , Gawthorpe, R. G. and Mackrodt, P. -A.(1985) Aerodynamics of Road- and Rail Vehicles, Vehicle System Dynamics, 14: 4, 319-392 [6] `High Speed Aerodynamics, Seminar, Harry L Whitehead. [7] http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/311/notes/fluids2/node11.htm [8] http://www.pilotfriend.com/training/flight_training/aero/drag.htm [9] http://www.princeton.edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/blunt.html [10] Miles Jackson , B. Taylor Newill and Perry Carter ,Racecar Aerodynamic Optimization for an E-1 Class Streamliner Using Arbitrary Shape Deformation , SAE Technical paper 2007-01-3858. [11] Hiroyuki Ozawa, Dai Higashida,`Development of Aerodynamics of a Solar Race Car, Honda RD, 1998 SAE. [12] SiniÃ…Â ¡a Krajnovic, Lars Davidson, Flow Around a Simplified Car Part 1: Large Eddy Simulation, [13] `CFD Modelling of Flow around the Ahmed vehicle model, Gerardo Frank and Jorge DElia, Centro Internacional de Metodos Compucionales en Ingeneria. [14] http://www.landspeed.com/archive/classroom/classlsrbasics.html. [15]http://www.newmaterials.com/News_Detail_Aerodynamics_of_jcb_dieselmax_car_designed_entirely_with_cfd_code_fluent_9408.asp#axzz2H86gSGFW [16] `Aerodynamic Development of Buckeye Bullet Electric LSR, Carrington Bork, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio State University. [17] http://www.carsbase.com/photo/photo_full.php?id=45469 [18] www.buckeyebullet.com/BB3.html [19] `Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics, Thomas D. Gillespie, Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. [20] CFD tutorials, Dr. Carl Gilkeson, University of Leeds. [21] http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/nseqs.html [22] `An Introduction to CFD, H K Versteeg and Malasekara, 2nd edition.